Several conditions can be simulated without the need of an extensive test plan. In order to pursue a systematic evaluation of the powertrain system, engine, turbochargers and auxiliary components are included into 1D models. The increase in power from a natural aspirated configuration is a direct consequence of higher fuel quantity to be injected. Therefore, turbocharging is often adopted to overcome this problem where useful energy contained in the exhaust gasses is used to increase the air density at the intake. However, this is directly linked to the worsening of deliverable output power under the natural aspirated configuration. The main action towards lowering fuel consumption of powertrains is achieved by reduction of engine size and number of cylinders, annexed to the lower friction. The use of turbochargers on both gasoline and diesel engines is started to become a common strategy to comply with stringent limits on CO2.
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